Environmental Effects on Vertebrate Species Richness ... We have seen that the climate system is a complex association of interacting components, each having an intrinsic time scale . of Climate A New Climate Economy "EVERYBODY TALKS ABOUT the weather, but nobody does anything about it." The quip, attributed to 19th-century American humorist Mark Twain, might describe the current state of play on climate change. The previously popular hypothesis that climate change during this time period would promote speciation was refuted, at least . Climate and human evolution | NOAA Climate.gov KW - Compensation. This suggests that understanding the climatic control of tropical cyclones may be necessary for understanding the climate system in general. The atmosphere is about 0.8˚ Celsius warmer than it was in 1850. 2009). Over the past century, the climate has changed on Earth. Carbon dioxide is a trace gas that has existed in our atmosphere for billions of years. between climatic changes and social stability but do not conduct formal hypothesis tests of this association. The Clathrate Gun Hypothesis suggests that the release of methane from the earth due to warming could cause a massive increase in temperatures within a lifetime ('gun' because the process can't be stopped, the process is irreversible). In Twain's day, it was absurd to suppose humans could do anything about the weather. The second type of stability, called structural stability, refers to how the . There have been previous periods of climate change, but the current changes are more rapid than any known events in Earth's history. to climate change. It also includes less material benefits, such as regulation of local climate conditions and aesthetic value or . Many resources are being expended to study causes and effects of climate change (Houghton et al. These results support both the predictions of Robert May concerning the effects of diversity on population stability and the diversity-stability hypothesis as applied to community and ecosystem processes, thus helping to reconcile a long-standing dispute. PDF Climate systemic risk Central banks and the climate ... The Variability Selection Hypothesis. Christian Hof. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesize that tropical cyclones result NASA finds reducing salt is bad for glacial health. pothesis, (d) the predation hypothesis, (e) the theory of climatic stability, and (f) the productivity hypothesis. KW - Climatic variability. 7 See, Hall and Behl (2006) on the "Clathrate Gun" hypothesis that has been advanced in explanation of abrupt climate change and the onset of the phenomenon of "climate flickering" at the end of the last ice age, and further discussion EARLY ANTHROPOGENIC HYPOTHESIS [6] The early anthropogenic hypothesis consists of four parts, three of which pertain to gradual orbital-scale changes during the middle and late Holocene, while the fourth focuses on shorter-term changes within the last 2000 years. This is a significant gap in understanding, as the stability of microbial communities, defined as a community's ability to resist and . Contemporary climate change includes both the global warming caused by humans, and its impacts on Earth's weather patterns. In the movie Forrest Gump, the protagonist becomes a very rich man due to a natural . Potts developed the variability selection hypothesis of human origins, linking key human traits to a process of adaptation to climate variability and uncertainty. These stabilizing forces in the climate system ensure that global temperatures do not have excessive variation. In the late 1960s, Lovelock had postulated that particular control mechanisms require feedback loops to ensure stability. 5 This corresponds to 0.2-0.8 per cent of global investment flows, or just 0.06-0.21 per cent of projected global GDP, in 2030. Modern human civilization, with its permanent agriculture and settlements, has developed over just the past 10,000 years or so. KW - Compensation. Selecting for stability. KW - Climatic variability. The mechanism is based on " sequential selection ", a concept first suggested by climate scientist . 1990). Climate change, the periodic modification of Earth's climate caused by atmospheric changes and the atmosphere's interactions with geologic, chemical, biological, and geographic factors. Climate-driven ecological stability as a globally shared cause of Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions: the Plaids and Stripes Hypothesis Daniel H. Mann1,∗, Pamela Groves2, Benjamin V. Gaglioti3 and Beth A. Shapiro4 1Department of Geosciences and Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA The previously popular hypothesis that climate change during this time period would promote speciation was refuted, at least for birds. KW - Biodiversity. climate models Paulo Ceppi ,1* Florent Brient ,2 Mark D. Zelinka 3 and Dennis L. Hartmann 4 Edited by Eduardo Zorita, Domain Editor and Editor-in-Chief Cloud feedback—the change in top-of-atmosphere radiative flux resulting from the cloud response to warming—constitutes by far the largest source of uncer-tainty in the climate response to CO climate is commonly defined as the "quality and charac-ter of school life" (School Climate Council, 2007, p. 5). . Accordingly, the positive relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem stability predicted by the insurance hypothesis ( 3 ), also referred to . A different hypothesis is that the key events in human evolution were shaped not by any single type of habitat (e.g., grassland) or environmental trend (e.g., drying) but rather by environmental instability. These NDVI derived stability indicators were then related to environmental factors of climate, topography, soil, tree species diversity, and local human disturbance, obtained from a systematic grid of field inventory plots, using boosted regression trees in R. Resilience and resistance were adequately predicted by these factors with an R2 of 0 . Terra Nova, 14, 129-155. Most people intuitively assume that the pond ecosystem has a better chance of thriving from year to year—even in adverse conditions—if it has a wider variety of species living there. levels can be accurately measured by using ice core samples from glaciers. Current global funding for adaptation is a fraction of this figure and access to these funds for developing countries is often lengthy snowball Earth hypothesis: testing the limits of global change. While the complexity of climate makes it difficult to make accurate models of the inherent stability of the overall system, there are stabilizing feedback mechanisms that keep the climate system from spinning out of control. Clathrate (hydrate) gun hypothesis stirred quite the controversy when it was posed in 2003. Tens of thousands of scientists in more than a hundred nations have amassed an overwhelming amount of evidence pointing to a clear conclusion: Humans are the main cause. According to the hypothesis inference, the variability of heavy metals should be the highest because there is no physiological need for them, and the variability of microelements and macroelements was minimal. If the 'hard life' hypothesis is less relevant to hornbills, the primary mechanism linking climate to cooperation across the family may be 'habitat saturation', which predicts the opposite relationship with climatic stability [8,18]. In Transcendent by Stephen Baxter, averting such a crisis is a major plotline. Climate change will impact those parts of the financial system most exposed to its disruptive effects. We're the ones who burn fossil fuels, produce livestock and clear trees, increasing the amount of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere. The second type of stability, called structural stability, refers to how the . 5 This corresponds to 0.2-0.8 per cent of global investment flows, or just 0.06-0.21 per cent of projected global GDP, in 2030. . 2. Habitat stability affects dispersal and the ability to track climate change. Stable environments tend to increase survival and longevity, thus reducing territorial vacancies [2,44]. Climate.gov interviewed Dr. Potts by telephone on September 29, 2016. A new NASA-led study has discovered an intriguing link between sea ice conditions and the melting rate of Totten Glacier, the glacier in East Antarctica that discharges the . The main cause is the emission of greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide (CO 2) and methane. In The Life Lottery by Ian Irvine unprecedented seismic activity triggers a release of methane hydrate, reversing global cooling. The cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis suggests that there have been geologically-rapid shifts in the relative positions of the modern-day geographic locations of the poles and the axis of rotation of Earth, causing calamities such as floods and tectonic events.. Rather, we develop a narrative hypothesis for the stability of human populations using a dynamic systems model However, the statistical results of our experiment do not support the stability of limiting elements hypothesis. We do this because some diversity- stability models assume competition occurs in . Climate and biome stability were quantified over the past 140,000 y for testing the age and area hypothesis, and measures of topographic diversity, rainfall seasonality, and productivity were used to test the ecological opportunity hypothesis. climate change caused by methane clathrate release. Flawed Climate Models. Biodiversity and Climate Change, Convention on Biological Diversity, December, 2009 . . Those ancient climates would have been like nothing our species has ever seen. Requiring Companies to Disclose Climate Risks Helps Everyone. But a hypothesis is just that. Of the remaining 40 studies, 31 (78 %) report associations that are large and statistically significant,1 eight (20 %) report uncertain results that Insurance hypothesis: an adequate supply of non-diverse substrates can still maintain primary productivity (therefore, microbial biomass and substrate quantity drive basal respiration more than the diversity of substrate supply/use). Alternatively, stability is . If this hypothesis holds true, areas with less variation in climate . The environmental stability hypothesis. 2. Similarly to the climate harshness hypothesis, climate stability is suggested to be the reason for the latitudinal diversity gradient. For historical climate in particular, the orbitally forced species' range dynamics (ORD) hypothesis suggests that Milankovitch climate oscillations, especially the Quaternary glacial-interglacial shifts, limited the distribution of many species to zones of long term spatiotemporal climate stability as consequence of these climate oscillations . Now let's break it down. First, there's the presence of plate tectonics, which have been fundamental to climate stability here on Earth. Climate Change and Social Instability. Pay attention to what happens with this SEC rule. These results support both the predictions of Robert May concerning the effects of diversity on population stability and the diversity-stability hypothesis as applied to community and ecosystem processes, thus helping to reconcile a long-standing dispute. Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth's climate system observed since the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth's atmosphere. Designing an Optimal 'Tech Fix' Path to Global Climate Stability: . Population size and persistence should be higher in areas that experienced little climatic variation over time (e.g., Carnaval et al. 2016). An ecosystem refers to the animals, plants, and microorganisms that live in one place, as well as the environmental conditions that support them.. Ecosystem services include the products and services provided by ecosystems, such as food, fuel, timber, water, clean air, and medicines. hypothesis for past, present, and future climate. The Gaia Hypothesis is the idea that life, or Gaia, plays a critical role in maintaining Earth's habitability, including its oxygen-rich atmosphere, the salinity of its oceans, and its relatively stable climate. Maureen Raymo, Co-Founding Dean. A theory is intended to explain processes already supported or substantiated by data and experimentation. The Gaia hypothesis holds that all living and non-living components on Earth work together to sustain life by homeostatic mechanisms. We think there is finally an explanation for the Gaia hypothesis. Most Americans recognize climate change, but some are still unsure about its causes. areas of high climatic stability are predicted to warm .

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