http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-017-0453-2. (H5N1)] or isolates from chickens [A/Ck/PA/13609/93 (H5N2), A/Ck/TX/167280-4/02 (H5N3)], and virus replication, induction In China, G1-like circulated mainly in quails is of geography superiority in southern regions, whereas BJ/94-like and F/98-like prevailed in chicken flocks are regnant in northern and eastern areas, respectively [26, 35]. Google Scholar, Alexander DJ (2000) A review of avian influenza in different bird species. The F strain is a natural reassortant of chicken origin isolating from Shanghai in 1998, with its polymerase genes being replaced with counterpart gene segments from distinct H9N2 clusters in ducks. WHO, Influenza at the human-animal interface, Summary and assessment, 5 April to 9 May 2016, 2016. http://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/Influenza_Summary_IRA_HA_interface_05_09_2016.pdf?ua=1, Accessed 12 July 2016.

Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 333:133–152, PubMed  Experimental co-infection of infectious bronchitis and low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 viruses in commercial broiler chickens.

Picture taken from a Moroccan H9N2 outbreak in January 2016, from a broiler chicken at 31 days of age. Morocco; avian influenza virus H9N2; commercial broilers; infectious bronchitis virus; specific pathogen free chickens; vaccination. House sparrows are members of the family Passeridae and due to their free flying, are strongly associated with seabirds, indigenous, and industrial poultry. J Clin Microbiol.



Also, the trachea or bronchi are easily embolized by mucus when the ventilation is poor, leading to severe respiratory disease and death. Theoretically, emerging diseases could possibly be effectively controlled by a stamping-out policy before disseminating into vast areas [28]. comparative studies in different model species are needed to better understand the factors influencing the evolution of these J Virol Methods. J Nanjing Agric Univ 2:87–100, Chen B, Zhang Z, Chen W (1994) The study of avian influenza: I. However, a massive H9N2 epizootics occurred from fall to winter in 1998, initially starting from Hebei province and rapidly spreading to majority of poultry raising areas nationwide in only 2 months [25, 26]. Nature 439:490–492, Calder LJ, Wasilewski S, Berriman JA, Rosenthal PB (2010) Structural organization of a filamentous influenza A virus.

Morocco just faced its first H9N2 influenza virus outbreaks early 2016 affecting different types of poultry production. Vaccine 20:125–133, Perez DR, Lim W, Seiler JP, Yi G, Peiris M, Shortridge KF, Webster RG (2003) Role of quail in the interspecies transmission of H9 influenza A viruses: molecular changes on HA that correspond to adaptation from ducks to chickens. Genomic signatures of human versus avian influenza A viruses.

Avian influenza virus ecology has long regarded waterbirds as a primary reservoir. 2019 Aug;65:219-225. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.06.004. As known for H9N2 viruses, the Moroccanisolates possess several genetic markers that enhance virulence in poultry and transmission to humans. Moreover, H9N2 influenza viruses continue to reassort with circulating H7N9 viruses, resulting in multiple genotypes of H7N9 viruses [2, 34, 41]. Electrophoresis analysis (1% agarose gel). It is acknowledged that the variation mechanism of AI virus mainly includes antigenic drift and genetic shift, with the former featured by point mutation of key amino acids in major immunoprotective proteins whereas the latter resulted from genomic reassortment [47].

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using specific primers in order to detect M and H9 genes of AIVs. There is no evidence that LPAI viruses can be found in meat, and the risk of their occurrence in eggs is poorly understood. Correspondence to Monne I, Ormelli S, Salviato A, De Battisti C, Bettini F, Salomoni A, et al. Each viral gene encodes at least one protein, in which the three polymerase proteins (PB2, PB1 and PA) plus the nucleoprotein (NP) consist the minimal protein unit in forming the functional RNP structure essential for viral transcription and replication.

Distinct from HPAI H5N1 infection, the overall human symptoms induced by H9N2 are analogous to seasonal flu with rapid recovery and no lethality. Guidance Risk Assessment of Avian Influenza A (H9N2) The risk to UK residents travelling to China is very low. To help us improve GOV.UK, we’d like to know more about your visit today. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features!

EL Houadfi, M., Fellahi, S., Nassik, S. et al. The deduced NP amino acid sequence had 372D substitution previously identified as important for changing host range from avian to human [30]. Clinical signs included swelling of the periorbital tissues and sinuses, typical respiratory discharge, and severe respiratory distress. Genomic signature and mutation trend analysis of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza A virus.

The swab samples were utilized for molecular detection using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Zoonoses Public Health.

For example, the newly detected chicken H7N7 viruses in Wenzhou city of Zhejiang province, the human-infecting H7N9 and H10N8 viruses initially reported in 2013, and the more recent clade 2.3.4.4 human-lethal H5N6 viruses, were all generated on the basis of complete internal genes from H9N2 subtype AI viruses [9, 10, 54,55,56]. Specifically, the Eurasian lineage further blooms into various virus clusters, as represented by A/chicken/Beijing/1/1994(BJ/94-like) or A/duck/Hong Kong/Y280/1997(Y280-like), A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/1997(G1-like), A/duck/Hong Kong/Y439/1997(Y439-like), A/chicken/Shanghai/F/1998(F/98-like) and so on [34,35,36]. In the present study our findings clearly demonstrate a relationship between viruses that recently emerged in Morocco and viruses isolated in the Middle East of the G1 lineage.

All Moroccan isolates had 409 N, 100I and 312R substitutions, which are associated with mammalian adaptation [28]. In Morocco, low pathogenic avian influenza subtype H9N2 virus was first diagnosed in poultry in January 2016. Antivir Res 91:50–56, Lin W, Fan H, Cheng X, Ye Y, Chen X, Ren T, Qi W, Liao M (2011) A baculovirus dual expression system-based vaccine confers complete protection against lethal challenge with H9N2 avian influenza virus in mice. Migratory birds are considered as reservoirs for AIVs and are the major agents responsible for global outbreaks.

The positive specimens in the PCR for the M gene were inoculated into 9-11-day-old embryonated chicken eggs via the allantoic fluid.

PLoS Pathog. We use cookies to collect information about how you use GOV.UK. Turkey flocks were similarly affected at different ages, with similar clinical signs as seen in chickens as well as sinusitis with facial swellings, and mortality rates around 10 %, but with a large inter-flock variability, likely due to other contributing factors. Characterization of avian H9N2 influenza viruses from United Arab Emirates 2000 to 2003. We sampled and tested diverse land birds for influenza A virus infection and showed that land birds also harbor infections with these viruses. PubMed  Our study also shows the relevance of using telemetry to monitor disease in animals. Chin J Vet Med 20:3–5, Zhang Z, Chen B, Chen W (1994) The study of avian influenza: II. All content is available under the Open Government Licence v3.0, except where otherwise stated, National restrictions in England from 5 November, Risk Assessment of Avian Influenza A(H9N2), Avian influenza A (H7N9): Public Health England risk assessment, Avian influenza: epidemiological protocols, Avian influenza: guidance, data and analysis, Coronavirus (COVID-19): guidance and support, Transparency and freedom of information releases. The limited influenza virus sequence data available from North African and Middle-Eastern countries makes the identification of the origin of Moroccan H9N2 virus outbreaks very difficult. Therefore, disease outbreaks would still occur in vaccinated flocks in case of descended protection level or different kinds of immune failure. PLoS One. Xu KM, Li KS, Smith GJD, Li JW, Tai H, Zhang JX, et al. The criteria to discriminate highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) and low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) were defined at the First International Symposium on Avian Influenza in Beltsville in 1981 [1]. Prev Vet Med. Privacy Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. This update includes information and advice for travellers and clinicians. In: Proceedings of the 10th symposium on avian diseases, Hangzhou, September 2000, Chinese Association of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, pp 125–128, Moennig V (2005) Eradication versus vaccination strategies to control infectious diseases–some lessons to be learned from terrestrial animals. 2). Samples were collected from 11 chicken flocks with high morbidity and mortality rates. J Virol 81:10389–10401, Fusaro A, Monne I, Salviato A, Valastro V, Schivo A, Amarin NM, Gonzalez C, Ismail MM, Al-Ankari AR, Al-Blowi MH, Khan OA, Maken Ali AS, Hedayati A, Garcia Garcia J, Ziay GM, Shoushtari A, Al Qahtani KN, Capua I, Holmes EC, Cattoli G (2011) Phylogeography and evolutionary history of reassortant H9N2 viruses with potential human health implications. H9N2 (LPAI) avian influenza viruses H9N2 (LPAI) viruses have become widespread among poultry in some areas, and they have also been detected in wild birds. During November 1992 to May 1994, a total of 17 chicken farms and two minor poultry farms had suffered from AI outbreaks in regions of Guangdong province [20, 21]. Cats and dogs have been infected by H5N1 avian influenza viruses when they ate raw poultry, and two human H5N1 infections were linked to the ingestion of uncooked duck blood. However, most of the influenza B viruses were B/Beijing/184/93-like strain, but few of them were antigenically similar to B/Shandong/7/97 virus. PubMed  Tomás G, Hernández M, Marandino A, Panzera Y, Maya L, Hernández D, et al. USA.gov. For this reason seroprevalence survey was carried out in two-hundred house, Waterfowl and shorebirds are well-recognized natural reservoirs of low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIV); however, little is known about the role of passerines in avian influenza virus ecology. Pour de plus amples renseignements, l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) publie des mises à jour mensuelles sur la grippe aviaire (en anglais seulement). Infectious LPAIV was cultured from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and gastrointestinal and respiratory tissues from both species. There are more herbivorous waterfowl (swans and geese) close to humans, livestock and poultry than ever before. Kandeil A, El-Shesheny R, Maatouq AM, Moatasim Y, Shehata MM, Bagato O, et al. In addition to the economic losses related to drop in egg production and mortalities in different type of poultry flocks, the zoonotic potential of the pathogen should not be under estimated [2]. Vet Microbiol 182:1–7, Xia J, Cui JQ, He X, Liu YY, Yao KC, Cao SJ, Han XF, Huang Y (2017) Genetic and antigenic evolution of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus in domestic chickens in southwestern China, 2013–2016.

Butt KM, Smith GJ, Chen H, et al. In addition, LPAI H9N2 vaccination was more efficient at day 7 than at day 1 in limiting disease post simultaneous challenge.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Simultaneous challenge with IBV and AIV H9N2 induced higher pathogenicity in SPF birds than inoculation with IBV or AIV H9N2 alone.Recommended vaccination programme in commercial broilers to counter Mor-IT02 IBV and LPAIV H9N2 simultaneous infections: IB live vaccine H120 (d1), AIV H9N2 inactivated vaccine (d7), IB live vaccine 4-91 (d14).

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