In addition to the issues identified earlier in this chapter, there remain outstanding needs and issues associated with carbon utilization LCA for analysts to investigate and resolve: Overall, the committee identified priority research needs to address the issues raised in this chapter. Chemical Reviews 118(2):434-504. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00435. Furthermore, discovery of new reactions and processes associated with carbon utilization may lead to development of new processes that are less hazardous than those they replace. Have in mind that you should create a vital choice that will help you integrate results that you got. Uncertainty characterization may be difficult, however, in LCAs of waste carbon utilization given the emerging nature of the technology and limited data regarding conversion processes. But because of its weight, speed is its weak point. Von der Assen et al.

Rahman, F. A., Md.

Environmental Management: Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Framework. In the case of carbon utilization, a business-as-usual case would account for the fate of the waste gas and how a carbon utilization–derived product would conventionally be produced over time in the absence of carbon utilization technology.

In other analyses with temporal aspects, for example, LCA of biofuels, time horizons including 30 years (for example, in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Renewable Fuel Standard) and 100 years (Daystar et al., 2016; Peters et al., 2011) have been adopted.

Potentially, products emerging from a biorefinery using algae as a feedstock could be handled with energy allocation if they were mainly energy carriers, including a hydrocarbon fuel and potentially methane from anaerobic digestion of spent algae. Meta-analysis and harmonization of life cycle assessment studies for algae biofuels. Both Daystar et al. Von der Assen et al. In some cases, facilities converting waste gas emissions into products may have more than one output. You can find numerous LCA software available on the market, and everything depends on your preferences as well as an industry niche that will provide you peace of mind.

In analyses that consider temporal factors, one key decision is the time horizon, or duration of study, that should be adopted. For example, in an analysis of wood chip–derived power in the United Kingdom (Stephensen, 2014), counterfactual analyses considered what might happen to the land used to produce this biopower feedstock if the wood were not converted to chips for biopower.

As a simple example, a power plant with carbon utilization technology would produce both power and, potentially, a chemical or fuel.

Which system boundary assumptions and decisions are defensible for analyses that target different questions? The system would include coal or natural gas production and conversion to electricity with associated carbon capture and conversion technology.

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