a kW hour of electricity), or a unit of service (e.g. Its broad application to a large range of substances and impacts makes LCA well suited to analyze impacts of consumer products. 10.3), such as IMPACT 2002 and ReCiPe, which can be either midpoint or endpoint. Specifies requirements and provides guidelines for life cycle assessment (LCA) including: definition of the goal and scope of the LCA, the life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) phase, the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) phase, the life cycle interpretation phase, reporting and critical review of the LCA, limitations of the LCA, relationship between the LCA phases, and conditions for use of value choices and optional elements.

This defines our product life cycle, as well as the implications we will be analyzing. We could for example try to reduce the amount of electricity needed in the production, or switch to a source of green energy. It focuses on the individual or family. Weighting: Is the process of converting indicator results of different impact categories by using numerical factors based on value-choices.

This means cutting out the use and disposal phase. Moreover, several software implement these databases and allow to develop a LCA with a user-friendly interface. Current Life-Cycle Inventory (LCI) data bases. ISO standards defining the life cycle assessment methodology.

The international standards ISO 14040 [4] and ISO 14044 [5] provide general guidance for the implementation of LCA, and have established this methodology as a standardized and systematic technique for evaluating the potential life cycle environmental impacts of products and services. The results of the evaluation should be presented in a manner that gives the commissioner or any other interested party a clear and understandable view of the outcome of the study. However, social aspects are often interconnected with the environmental aspects of sustainability. However, various simplifications were inevitably adopted in real LCA and CBA due to the availability of limited data. In this step of our Life Cycle Impact Assessment, we are sorting our Life Cycle Inventory and assigning it to our defined, Global Warming Potential (CO2-equivalent in kg), Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer (CFC-11-equivalent in kg), Acidification potential of land and water (SO2-equivalent in kg), Eutrophication potential (PO4-3-equivalent in kg), Formation potential of tropospheric ozone photochemical oxidants (ethene-equivalent in kg), Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources (Sb-equivalent in kg), Human toxicity potential (1,4-DB-equivalent in kg), Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential (1,4-DB-equivalent in kg), Marine aquatic ecotoxicity potential (1,4-DB-equivalent in kg), Terrestrial ecotoxicity potential (1,4-DB-equivalent in kg), Identifying significant issues based on our LCI and LCIA phase, Evaluating the study itself, how complete it is, if it’s done sensitively and consistently, Conclusions, limitations, and recommendations. The result of inventory analysis is the inventory table displaying the inputs and outputs of materials and nonmaterials, such as energy and cost flows, which cross the selected boundary of the system. Types of LCA include environmental LCA (E-LCA), social LCA (S-LCA), and life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA). Also, the social implications of the unit we are assessing might not be completely relevant. It is essentially the data collection phase of our LCA. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the most reliable methodology for evaluating the environmental impact of a product throughout its life cycle, known as “cradle to grave” analysis.

Assess the potential human and ecological effects of energy, water, and material usage and the environmental releases identified in the inventory analysis. That means that sourcing from different suppliers can have a massive impact on your product footprint. analysis can significantly reduce the complexity of an LCA and thus create insights faster, especially about internal processes. Inventory analysis: Identify and quantify energy, water, and materials usage and environmental releases (emissions, wastes, etc.). According to ISO 14040:2006, the interpretation should include the following: Identification.

The following LCIA methods are implemented in the ecoinvent data v2.2: • CML 2001 • Cumulative energy demand • Cumulative exergy demand • Eco-indicator 99 • Ecological footprint • … Assess the human and ecological effects of material consumption and environmental releases to the local community, region, and world. The definition of the goal has implications for all the other parts of the LCA study, and will influence the methods and detail to which LCI, impact assessment interpretation, and reporting are carried. To show how an LCA can look like in practice, we will use the example of a simple T-Shirt. International Organization for Standardization. This article presents a brief history of the development of LCA methodology and describes the basic components of conducting an LCA, that is, selecting a functional unit; defining the goal and scope of the study; compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and environmental releases; evaluating the potential environmental impacts; and interpreting the results to help decision makers make a more informed decision. defined the principles and framework of a Life Cycle Assessment. Under the Directive, all EU countries are required to use energy more efficiently at all stages of the energy chain, from production to final consumption.”, PEF (Product Environmental Footprint) and OEF (Organisation Environmental Footprint), the European Commission aims to harmonize methodology for the calculation of, the environmental footprint of products and organisations. This process is defined by the International Standards Organization norm ISO 14040 as the “compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs, and potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle.” This standard defines how the Life Cycle can be accounted for and reported on. These assessments can later be linked together to complete a larger level life cycle assessment. This phase of LCA is aimed at evaluating the significance of potential impacts based on the LCI flow results (Fig. As such it has significant impact on the environment and represents a major opportunity to study potential reductions. The basic idea of LCA is that the analysis is done over the entire ‘life cycle’ of the product or service (see Fig. Life-cycle analysis (LCA), also known as life-cycle assessment, is a primary tool used to support decision-making for sustainable development. Many parts of this article are based on ISO 14040:2006. defines how the carbon footprint of products is quantified during a Life Cycle Assessment. LCA is a relative tool intended for comparison and not absolute evaluation, thereby helping decision makers compare all major environmental impacts when choosing between alternative courses of action. Inventory section classifies and quantifies energy, water and materials usage, and environmental emissions. Analyze the environmental trade-offs associated with one or more specific products/processes to help gain stakeholder (state, community, etc.) The improvement step considers the accuracy and completeness of the previous steps and enhances the results. Grouping: Assigns impact categories into one or more sets to better facilitate the interpretation of the results into specific areas of concern. By assigning an equivalent, we can compare all these inputs to each other – much like if you want to compare different currencies to each other. The goal and scope definition describes the targeted product, process or activity.

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